The emperor created local authorities, or counts, who represented him and who gradually became the chiefs of military power. One of them, the Count Guillaume, nicknamed the Liberator and a descendant of King Boson, was able to chase the Moors from the area.

This allowed for a feudal system to emerge, for religion to spread once again and for the economy to prosper. Following the demise of the male descendents of Boson and through the maneuvering of alliances, the region was ceded to a Count from Barcelona...

Includes a video on Avignon, Marseilles, Aix en Provence.

In 1487, the definitive unification of Provence and France was consecrated by the Union Treaty .

This period of progressive loss of independence was accompanied by a period of persecution of Jewish communities ( 4 guettos: Carpentras, Cavaillon, Isle-sur-la-Sorgue and Avignon) and the followers of the Vaudois church of Lubéron (whose doctrine was similar to Calvinism).
The Fronde broke out in the middle of the 17th century as well as Revolution in 1789...

Includes a video of the Marseillaise, French Hymn sung in 1907

In the third millennium, metals like copper were introduced. Iron was some time in coming to the region because of heavy resistance from bronze workers. The origins of this resistance were both economic and political since the introduction of iron was due to the arrival of the Protocelts in the 7th and 6th  centuries B.C. This was the population Julius Caesar called the Aquitainians.

As had happened elsewhere, the arrival of the railroad in Nice in 1864 and the opening of several communication routes led to the growth of prosperity in the region. This was particularly true with the arrival of the bourgeoisie and the aristocratic classes who came from all the corners of Europe to spend winters along the Côte d’Azur.

The first inhabitants of Malta date back to the year 7000 B.C. . Some of them were living in caves.  Numerous traces are still present on the island of Malta, bringing to mind an advanced civilization that practiced agriculture, and even pottery.

After the victory of the Knights, La Valette decided to fortify the city. It had been conceived in right angles, and was of a geometric and military construction. Each Langue had brought its church, its inn (magnificent masonry): such as the inn of Castile or of Provence.

The city’s prestige increased and began to attract the princes and the artists of numerous lands.  

After the Bonoparte's episode, They asked the English to for help, and the Treaty of Paris in 1814 gave the
British sovereignty over Malta, who used the island as back-up naval base...

Raymond Berenger the 1st established the first constitutional European government, proclaiming utsages, a code of law and custom.

The arms of the Counts of Barcelona, formed by muzzle stakes of on a field of gold, appeared at the end of the 11st century. Barcelona became the political center.

Provence, Ibiza, Sicilia, Formentera became catalan. The Catalan language began to spread...

Catalonia experienced the economic and social transformations born in the industrial revolution. In 1813, the Cortès decreed industrial liberalism.

The creation of banks was certainly a great feature of the economical growth and enrichment. Yet a large number of workers felt oppressed and workers trade unions started to grow.

In the same time, the catalane identity started to grow...

La Renaixença (the Renaissance) allowed the Catalan language and culture to flourish. In the cultural domain, a rebirth of catalan conscience rose .

Workers movements were structured... and a large number of politicians began to appear...

Photo credit Enric Clement

Since the Vazimbas, the Arabs, Indonesians, the malayo-polynesians , numerous waves of immigration have marked the island.

At the end of the 16th century, the Maroserana, a dynasty established for two centuries in the Southwest, accompanied by seers, created the Kingdom of Menabe. They subjugated the primitive populations and Adriandahifotsy, the “White-colored Lord” created a name for himself.

His sons fought among themselves for succession and one of them took off to create the Kingdom of Boina in the North, which came to occupy up to the northern third of Madagascar. But these two Kingdoms were divorced in the 18th century.

Includes a video on Antananarivo

Paris settled upon pacification and sent General Galliéni to impose the French presence. In 1897, he exiled Queen Ranavalona the 3rd  to Reunion Island, and from there she was transferred to Algeria in 1899.

The country continued to resist and nationalist fervor persisted. Whenever insurrection was stymied, it started up again elsewhere. The Sakalava resisted the French, but there was also old Menalamba who fought against Lyautey for three years....

Includes a video of Madagascar

It was in the 7th century B.C. that the Etruscans settled in the region, creating Etruria. This region coincides with the frontiers of what is now Tuscany, with the addition of Latium, Emilia-Romagna and a part of the Po River plain.

Rome annexed Etruria in 351 B.C. and the Romans built great transportation axes that crossed Tuscany...